Carina Bringedal

Abstract

For improved operating conditions of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell, a sophisticated water management is crucial. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the transport mechanisms of water throughout the cell constituents especially on the cathode side, where the excess water has to be removed. Pore-scale modeling of diffusion layers and gas distributor has been established as a favorable technique to investigate the ongoing processes. Investigating the interface between the cathode layers, a particular challenge is the combination and interaction of the multi-phase flow in the porous material of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) with the free flow in the gas distributor channels. The formation, growth and detachment of water droplets on the hydrophobic, porous surface of the GDL have a major influence on the mass, momentum and energy exchange between the layers. A dynamic pore-network model is used to describe the flow through the porous GDL on the pore-scale. To capture the droplet occurrence and its influence on the flow, this dynamic two-phase pore-network model is extended to capture droplet formation and growth at the surface of the GDL as well as droplet detachment due to the gas flow in the gas distributor channels. In this article, the developed model is applied to single- and multi-tube systems to investigate the general drop behavior. These rather simple test-cases are compared to experimental and numerical data available in the literature. Finally, the model is applied to a GDL unit cell to analyze the interaction between two-phase flow through the GDL and drop formation at the interface between GDL and gas distributor channel.

Abstract

Soil salinization is a major cause of soil degradation and hampers plant growth. For soils saturated with saline water, the evaporation of water induces accumulation of salt near the top of the soil. The remaining liquid gets an increasingly larger density due to the accumulation of salt, giving a gravitationally unstable situation, where instabilities in the form of fingers can form. These fingers can, hence, lead to a net downward transport of salt. We here investigate the appearance of these fingers through a linear stability analysis and through numerical simulations. The linear stability analysis gives criteria for onset of instabilities for a large range of parameters. Simulations using a set of parameters give information also about the development of the fingers after onset. With this knowledge, we can predict whether and when the instabilities occur, and their effect on the salt concentration development near the top boundary.

Abstract

We investigate reactive flow and transport in evolving porous media. Solute species that are transported within the fluid phase are taking part in mineral precipitation and dissolution reactions for two competing mineral phases. The evolution of the three phases is not known a-priori but depends on the concentration of the dissolved solute species. To model the coupled behavior, phase-field and level-set models are formulated. These formulations are compared in three increasingly challenging setups including significant mineral overgrowth. Simulation outcomes are examined with respect to mineral volumes and surface areas as well as derived effective quantities such as diffusion and permeability tensors. In doing so, we extend the results of current benchmarks for mineral dissolution/precipitation at the pore-scale to the multiphasic solid case. Both approaches are found to be able to simulate the evolution of the three-phase system, but the phase-field model is influenced by curvature-driven motion.

Abstract

The mathematical models for the capillary-driven flow of fluids in tubes typically assume a static contact angle at the fluid–air contact line on the tube walls. However, the dynamic evolution of the fluid–air interface is an important feature during capillary rise. Furthermore, inertial effects are relevant at early times and may lead to oscillations. To incorporate and quantify the different effects, a fundamental description of the physical processes within the tube is used to derive an upscaled model of capillary-driven flow in circular cylindrical tubes. The upscaled model extends the classical Lucas–Washburn model by incorporating a dynamic contact angle and slip. It is then further extended to account for inertial effects. Finally, the solutions of the different models are compared to experimental data. In contrast to the Lucas–Washburn model, the models with dynamic contact angle match well the experimental data, both the rise height and the contact angle, even at early times. The models have a free parameter through the dynamic contact angle description, which is fitted using the experimental data. The findings here suggest that this parameter depends only on the properties of the fluid but is independent of geometrical features, such as the tube radius. Therefore, the presented models can predict the capillary-driven flow in tubular systems upon knowledge of the underlying dynamic contact-angle relation.

Abstract

Mineral precipitation and dissolution processes in a porous medium can alter the structure of the medium at the scale of pores. Such changes make numerical simulations a challenging task as the geometry of the pores changes in time in an apriori unknown manner. To deal with such aspects, we here adopt a two-scale phase-field model, and propose a robust scheme for the numerical approximation of the solution. The scheme takes into account both the scale separation in the model, as well as the non-linear character of the model. After proving the convergence of the scheme, an adaptive two-scale strategy is incorporated, which improves the efficiency of the simulations. Numerical tests are presented, showing the efficiency and accuracy of the scheme in the presence of anisotropies and heterogeneities.

Abstract

We consider a model for the flow of two immiscible fluids in a two-dimensional thin strip of varying width. This represents an idealization of a pore in a porous medium. The interface separating the fluids forms a freely moving interface in contact with the wall and is driven by the fluid flow and surface tension. The contact-line model incorporates Navier-slip boundary conditions and a dynamic and possibly hysteretic contact angle law. We assume a scale separation between the typical width and the length of the thin strip. Based on asymptotic expansions, we derive effective models for the two-phase flow. These models form a system of differential algebraic equations for the interface position and the total flux. The result is Darcy-type equations for the flow, combined with a capillary pressure–saturation relationship involving dynamic effects. Finally, we provide some numerical examples to show the effect of a varying wall width, of the viscosity ratio, of the slip boundary condition as well as of having a dynamic contact angle law.

Abstract

Drops on a free-flow/porous-medium-flow interface have a strong influence on the exchange of mass, momentum and energy between the two macroscopic flow regimes. Modeling droplet-related pore-scale processes in a macro-scale context is challenging due to the scale gap, but might be rewarding due to relatively low computational costs. We develop a three-domain approach to model drop formation, growth, detachment and film flow in a lower-dimensional interface domain. A simple upscaling technique allows to compute the drop-covered interface area fraction which affects the coupling fluxes. In a first scenario, only drop formation, growth and detachment are taken into account. Then, spreading and merging due to lateral fluxes are considered as well. The simulation results show that the impact of these droplet-related processes can be captured. However, extensions are necessary to represent the influence on the free flow more precisely.

Abstract

We propose an efficient numerical strategy for solving non-linear parabolic problems defined in a heterogeneous porous medium. This scheme is based on the classical homogenization theory and uses a locally mass-conservative formulation at different scales. In addition, we discuss some properties of the proposed non-linear solvers and use an error indicator to perform a local mesh refinement. The main idea is to compute the effective parameters in such a way that the computational complexity is reduced but preserving the accuracy. We illustrate the behavior of the homogenization scheme and of the non-linear solvers by performing two numerical tests. We consider both a quasi-periodic example and a problem involving strong heterogeneities in a non-periodic medium.

Abstract

The modelling and simulation of the unsaturated flow or the flow of two immiscible fluid phases in a porous medium is challenging as this flow takes place through the pores of the medium, which form a highly complex domain. Next to the complexity of the domain, a major challenge is to account for the interface separating the fluids, or the unsaturated fluid from the inert filling part, as the location of this interface is not known a-priori. The evolution of this interface depends on the flow of both fluids and of the surface tension. Moreover, the surface tension may depend on the concentration of a surfactant dissolved in one fluid phase. In this work, such aspects are taken into account, and effective, Darcy-scale models are derived based on the known physics at the pore scale. In this sense a thin strip is used as the representation of a single pore in the porous medium. The Darcy-scale models are derived for various regimes, accounting for different pore-scale processes. Numerical examples show that the upscaled models are a good approximation of the transversal average of the solution to the pore-scale models, as the ratio of the width and the length of the pore approaches zero.

Abstract

Bringedal, CarinaWe present a phase-field model for single-phase flow and reactive transport where ions take part in mineral precipitation/dissolution reactions. The evolving interface between fluid and mineral is approximated by a diffuse interface, which is modeled using an Allen--Cahn equation. As the original Allen--Cahn equation is not conservative, we apply a reformulation ensuring conservation of the phase-field variable and address the sharp-interface limit of the reformulated model. This model is implemented using a finite volume scheme and the discrete conservation of the reformulated Allen--Cahn equation is shown. Numerical examples show how the discrete phase-field variable is conserved up to the chemical reaction.